active and passive voice

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Active voice is a grammatical voice common in many of the world's languages. Active voice is used in a clause whose subject expresses the agent of the main verb. That is, the subject does the action designated by the verb. A sentence whose agent is marked as grammatical subject is called an active sentence.

Passive voice is a grammatical voice common in many languages. In a clause with passive voice, the grammatical subject expresses the theme or patient of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. This contrasts with active voice, in which the subject has the agent role.

- THE BASIC FORMULA OF PASSIVE VOICE

subject + auxiliary verb + verb 3.

Auxiliary verb which we will use to make the passive voice can be either primary auxiliary verb (is, am, are, were, was, be, has been and being) or can also be a combination of two primary (will be, have been, and a mix of primary Other ).

- CREATING THE PASSIVE VOICE TENSES

NO	TENSES	ACTIVE VOICE (example of sentences)	PASSIVE VOCE (example of sentences)
1.	Simple Present	S+V1+O The news surprises me	S+to be(am,are,is)+V3_by+O I am surprised by the news
2.	Simple Past	S+V2+O The news surprises me	S+to be(was,were)+V3+by+O I was surprised by the news
3.	Present Continuous Tense	S+to be(am,are,is)+V1+ing+O Yaya is helping Lili	S+to be(am+are+is)+being+V3+by+O Lili is being helped by Yaya
4.	Past Continuous Tense	S+to be(was,were)+V1+ing+O Yaya was helping Lili	S+to be(was,were)+being+V3+by+O Lili was being helped by Yaya
5.	Present Perfect Tense	S+have/has+V3+O Aya has eaten chocolate	S+have/has+been+V3+by+O Chocolate has been eaten by Aya
6.	Past Perfect Tense	S+had+V3+O Aya had eaten chocolate	S+had+been+V3+by+O Chocolate had been eaten by Aya
7	Present Perfect Continuous Tense	S+have/has+been+V1-ing+O Sasa has been speaking English	S+have/has+been+being+V3+O English has been being spoken by Sasa
8.	Past Perfect Continuous Tense	S+had +been+V1-ing+O Yaya had been playing guitar	S+had+been+being+V3+by+O Guitar had been being played by Yaya
9.	Simple Future Tense	S+will+V1 I will buy a bag	S+will be+V3+by+O A bag will be bought by me
10.	Past Future Tense	S+would+V1+O I would buy a bag	S+would+be+V3+by+O A bag would be bought by me
11.	Future Continuous Tense	S+will be+V1-ing+O I will be meeting them	S+will be+being+V3+by+O They will be being met by me
12.	Past Future Continuous Tense	S+would be+V1-ing+O I would be meeting them	S+would be+being+V3+by+O They would be being met by me
13.	Future Perfect Tense	S+will+have+V3+O She will have drunk coffe	S+will+have+been+V3+by+O Coffe will have been drunk by her
14.	Past Future Perfect Tense	S+would+have+v3+O She would have drunk coffe	S+would+have+been+V3+by+O Coffe would have been drunk by her
15.	Future Perfect Continuous Tense	S+will+have+been+V1-ing+O He will have been hearing a music	S+will+have+been+being+V3+by+O A music will have been being heard by him
16.	Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense	S+would+have+been+V1-ing+O He would have been hearing a music	S+would+have+been+being+V3+by+O A music would have been being heard by him

EXERCISE

Change the sentence from active to passive

1. Budi took that book from the desk

- THE CHARACTERISTIC OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

English has two tenses are used to express a thought. Both forms of the sentence active and passive voice. In the active voice the subject does the job. While in the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is not doing the work / actions, but be the recipient of the action.

Active sentence is converted into a passive sentence by making an "object" active sentence as "Subject" of the passive voice.

Example :

Active voice : Joe watched full house

Passive Voice : ful house was watched by Joe

The object is FULL HOUSE in active voice and became subject in passive voice

1. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

The present tense is a grammatical tense whose principal function is to locate a situation or event in present time.

A. FORM

Affirmative: Subject+V1	(I-you-we-they) work (he-she-It) works
Negative Subject+do/does not+V1	(I-you-we-they) do not work (he-she-It) does not work
Interrogative Do/does+subject+V1	Do (I-you-we-they) work ? Does (he-she-It) work?
Negative Interrogative Do/does+subject+V1	Do not (I-you-we-they) work? Does not (he-she-It) work ?

Note : in affirmative the subject (he-she-it) must adding S in behind the verb because it is prular and do/does are not used with (is,am,are).

B. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE : SHORT ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

QUESTION	SHORT ANSWER	COMPLETE ANSWER
Does yaya like tea ?	Yes, she does No, she doesn’t	Yes, she likes tea No, she doesn’t like tea
Do you like tea?	Yes, I do No, I don’t	Yes, I like tea No, i don’t like tea

EXERCISE

Changed the following sentences from affirmative to negative.

1. Anna likes to study english

2. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

The past tense is a grammatical tense whose principal function is to place an action or situation in past time. The past tense is used for an action whose time is not given but occupied a period of time now terminated or occured at a moment in a period of time now terminated. These may be expressed diagrammatically.

A. FORM

Affirmative Subject+V2	(I-you-we-they-he-she-it) worked
Negative Subject+did+not+V1	(I-you-we-they-he-she-it) did not work
Interrogative Did+subject+V1	Did (I-you-we-they-he-she-it) work?
Negative interrogative Did not+subject+V1	Did not (I-you-we-they-he-she-it) work?

Note : Did is not used with was and were.

B. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE IS ALSO USED FOR PAST HABIT

- They never drank coffe

- He always carried a guitar

C. SIMPLE PAST TENSE : SHORT ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

QUESTION	SHORT ANSWER	COMPLETE ANSWER
Did you go ?	Yes, i did No, i didn’t	Yes, i went No, i didn’t go

EXERCISE

SUPPLY THE PAST TENSE FROM THE VERBS IN PARENTHESES

1. Yaya and lili (talk) on the telephone yesterday

3. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

The present continuous tense is used to express an action or event, which is taking place at the present moment. For example, a person says, “I am writing a letter”. It means that he is in the process of writing a letter right now. Such actions which are happening at time of speaking are expressed by present continuous tense. Present Continuous tense is also called Present progressive tense.

A. FORM

Affirmative Subject+(is,am,are)+V-ing	I am working (you-we-they) are working (he-she-it) is working
Negative Subject +(is,am,are)+not+V-ing	I am not working (you-we-they) are not working (he-she-it) is not working
Interrogative (is,am,are)+subject+V-ing	Am i working ? Are (you-we-they) working ? Is (he-she-it) working ?
Negative interrogative (is,am,are)+not+subject+V-ing	Am not i working ? Are not (you-we-they) working ? Is not (he-she-it) working ?

B. It is also used for an action or event, which exist in the present, but is not necessarily talking place at the moment of speaking.

- He is teaching in a private school.

C. The present continuous tense is used to talk about things happening in period around now.

- Is yaya working this week ? No, she is on holiday

D. The present continuous tense is also used to talk about changes happening around now.

- Is your english getting better ?

E. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE : SHORT ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

QUESTION	SHORT ANSWER	COMPLETE ANSWER
Are you studying?	Yes, iam No, iam not	Yes, iam studying No, iam not studying
Is yaya studying?	Yes, she is No, she is not	Yes she is studying No, she is not studying
Are they studying ?	Yes, they are No, they are not	Yes, they are studying No, they are not studying

EXERCISE

Fill in the blank in each sentence with the correct present continuous tense form of the verb given in brackets.

1. They ________________ (make) a lot of noise

4. THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

The past continuous tense is used to say that somebody was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. Example : this time last year i was living in Jakarta.

A. FORM

Affirmative Subject+was/were+verb-ing	(I-he-she-it) was working (you-we-they) were working
Negative Subject+was/were+not+V-ing	(I-he-she-it) was not working (you-we-they) were not working
Interrogative Was/were+subject+V-ing	Was (I-he-she-it) working ? Were (you-we-they) working ?
Negative interrogative Was/were+not+subject+V-ing	Was not (I-he-she-it) working ? Were not (you-we-they) working ?

B. USING THE PAST CONTINUOUS AND SIMPLE PAST

Compare the past continuous and past simple

Past continuous

(in the middle of an action)

A. I was walking home when i met hasan

=( in the middle of walking home)

Simple past

(complete action)

A. I walked home after the party last night

=(all the way, completely)

B. SIMPLE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE : SHORT ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

QUESTION	SHORT ANSWER	COMPLETE ANSWER
Was yaya going ?	Yes, she was No, she was not	Yes, he was going No, she was not going
Were you studying ?	Yes, i was No, i was not	Yes, i was studying No, i was not studying

EXERCISE

supply the correct past continuous tense form of the verbs in parentheses

1. When you telephoned, I ________ (have) dinner.

5. THE PRESENT PERFECT

The present perfect tense is used to refer to an action or event that began some time in the past and still continuing.

A. FORM

Affirmative Subject+have/has+V3	(i-you-we-they) have eaten pizza (he-she-) has eaten pizza
Negative Subject+have/has+not+V3	(i-you-we-they) have not eaten pizza (he-she-) has not eaten pizza
Interrogative Have/has+subject+V3	Have (i-you-we-they) have pizza ? Has (he-she-) eaten pizza ?
Negative interrogative Have/has+not+subject+V3	Have not (i-you-we-they) eaten pizza ? Has not (he-she-) eaten pizza ?

B. The present perfect is also used to refer to an actionthat took place at some time in the past but has an effect on the present situation. Example : i have shut the door

C. USING THE SIMPLE PAST AND THE PRESENT PERFECT

Simple past

A. I finished my work two hours ago.

Present perfect

A. I have already finished my work

S.past = finished the work at a specific time in the past (two hour ago)

Present perfect = finished the work at an unspecified time in the past (sometime before now)

D. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE : SHORT ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

QUESTION	SHORT ANSWER	COMPLETE ANSWER
Has yaya gone ?	Yes, she has No, he has not	Yes, she has gone No, she has not gone
Have you studied ?	Yes, i have No, i have not	Yes, i have studied No, i have not studied

EXERCISE

Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative.

1. He has been the best student in the class

6. THE PAST PERFECT

The past perfect tense is a type of verb form, traditionally treated as one of the tenses of certain languages, used in referring to something that occurred earlier than the time being considered, when the time being considered is already in the past.

Affirmative Subject+had+V3	(I-you-we-they-he-she-it) had gone
Negative Subject+had+not+V3	(I-you-we-they-he-she-it) had not gone
Interrogative Had+subject+V3	Had (I-you-we-they-he-she-it)gone ?
Negative interrogative Had+not+subject+V3	Had not (I-you-we-they-he-she-it) gone ?

B. PAST PERFECT TENSE : SHORT ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

QUESTION	SHORT ANSWER	COMPLETE ANSWER
Had you gone ?	Yes, i had No, i had not	Yes, i had gone No, i had not gone

EXERCISE

Change the following sentences from interrogative to negative interrogative

1. Had you gone to Bali?

7. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE WITH MODAL AUXILIARIES

The places of subject and object in sentence are inter-changed in passive voice. To change sentences having present/future modal into passive voice, auxiliary verb “be” is added after modal in sentence.

Modal auxiliaries are often used in the passive

ACTIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES	PASSIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES Modal+be+past participle
1. Budi will cook noodle 2. Budi can cook noodle 3. Budi should cook noodle 4. Budi ought to cook noodle 5. Budi must cook noodle 6. Budi may cook noodle 7. Budi might cook noodle	1. Noodle will be cooked by Budi 2. Noodle can be cooked by Budi 3. Noodle should be cooked by Budi 4. Noodle ought to be cooked by Budi 5. Noodle must be cooked by Budi 6. Noodle may be cooked by Budi 7. Noodle might be cooked by Budi

EXERCISE

Change the sentence from active to passive

1. people can not control the weather

8.TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS

A verb can be either transitive or intransitive. A transitive verb needs an object (in sentence) to give complete meaning while intransitive verb does need an object (in sentence) to give complete meaning.

1. Transitive verb.
He buy a book.
(Buy is a transitive verb and it needs an object i.e. book to express full meaning.)

2.      Intransitive Verb.
       He laughs.
      (Laugh is an intransitive verb and it does not need object for expressing full meaning.)
    e.g. Sleep, go, reach, sit, die, are examples of intransitive verbs.

3. An intransitive verb CAN NOT be used in the passive